ROANNA’S NURSERY: CONSERVING CORALS

By Bindu Gopal Rao

Conserving Corals

Coastal Impact is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that works on marine conservation, education, and research; it studies and monitors Goa’s marine ecosystems, spreads awareness, and initiates research and conservation actions. It also helps build interest and engagement among local communities and visitors about Goa’s extraordinary marine ecosystems.  It has just completed a coral
micro-fragmentation transplantation project that seeks to rejuvenate coral reefs.

The Case for Corals

Among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, coral reefs have seen a rapid decline in the last few decades. The coral cover that had already taken a very bad beating because of global warming, then they took another hit in April and May 2020. About 80 to 90% of the corals in Goa were bleached!

 Bleaching causes the corals to become white as algae is flushed outside but the coral is still alive - barely. “That is when we realized that we should do something urgently about this,” explains Venkatesh Charloo, Founder Trustee of Coastal Impact. “So, we applied for a grant with The Habitats Trust and with the blessings of the Forest Department of Goa, we transplanted a species of hard coral called Turbinaria (commonly known as table coral). It is a very resilient coral and yet it was suffering from bleaching, so we decided to start with that.”

The Specifics

Beginning in January 2020, Charloo and his team have transplanted 192 pieces of coral over a year. They made metal frames that could hold 12 ceramic tiles each of a square foot. Each tile was secured to the frame with cable ties. These frames were then lowered at a site off Grande Island, a popular diving and snorkeling site opposite Goa’s airport. Then four fragments of coral were secured with an eco-friendly epoxy-based adhesive to the corners of each tile. The broken but alive pieces of coral were found on the seabed and gently placed in a bag and brought to where the frames were, so there was no additional stress on the corals. The team has since regularly monitored coral growth and rate of growth is encouraging, mirroring the pattern elsewhere in the world where coral regeneration projects have been attempted. The Habitats Trust project was completed in December 2020, and the team is now looking for fresh funding to help with new projects as well as to continue monitoring the transplanted corals, which is a long-term process. The coral growth is being monitored monthly and the tiles are brushed and cleaned to remove sediment build up.

Micro Fragmentation

The process used is called Micro Fragmentation Technique for Coral Regeneration and uses small coral fragments that are about two or three centimeters in dimension. These tiny fragments of corals can grow 25 to 40 times faster when compared to any other regeneration technique. So far more than a million pieces of corals have been transplanted worldwide using this technique. “The idea now is to build on this and transplant reef building corals of other endemic species where growth will be more rapid,” says Charloo. “Once the corals grow, they merge into each other and immediately increase the collective rate of growth—they become bigger very quickly. The success rate is very high in this non-invasive technique.”

YOU CAN ADOPT A FRAGMENT OF CORAL - Pooling Resources

The 192 transplanted coral fragments monitored by Coastal impact have been put up for adoption. Anyone can adopt a fragment of the coral for Rs. 5500 (67 USD) or adopt a tile that has four pieces for Rs. 20000 (245 USD). These funds are then used exclusively for transplanting new corals as well as monitoring existing corals. “The corals are renamed with the name chosen by the person adopting each coral fragment, who then receives a Certificate of Adoption, an 80G certificate Tax Exemption Certificate for 100% of the amount paid, as well as a photograph of the coral—and follow up photographs, says Charloo. “This project is called the Coral Crusaders Program.” Thus far nearly 100 fragments of coral have been adopted. The first coral was adopted by 10-year-old Samira Ram from Mumbai whom Charloo describes as the “first official Coral Crusader.” A couple of startup garment companies also adopted a few fragments to gift to their regular customers.

Saving the Corals

As corals were being damaged when boats unintentionally dropped their anchors on them, Venkatesh and his team decided to put mooring buoys at different places around three islands. “We put cement blocks on sandy ocean beds and attached these to a large drum with ropes and chains,” says Charloo.

 “The diving site also has an old shipwreck that was being damaged every year, so we also placed two mooring buoys there. One buoy was put at Roanna’s Nursery, named after the first volunteer who worked with us” The Coastal Impact team realized last year that, if more than one boat anchored to these mooring buoys, then the cement blocks were dragged along
the seabed. “After a bit of research, we got helical anchors manufactured locally,” adds Charloo. “These screw into the sand and can each absorb a pull of
1000 pounds.”

Making the Connect

The team is also starting a Citizen Science Program named Marine Monitors where divers will be taken to conduct surveys on the transplantation sites and taught the techniques in maintenance, monitoring and fresh transplantation of corals. In addition, they would also conduct biodiversity surveys and monitor fish stocks which will assist in regular and long-term collection of data, and the uploading of the data onto web-based databases. Charloo says, “it is great as divers can come back repeatedly for dives and see how the corals have grown as well as monitor changes to the dive sites in terms of diversity.” A few weeks ago, a fish sculpture made of cement by another company was installed near the transplantation site on which several different species of reef building corals were transplanted. Sea Urchins were also introduced to keep the algae from taking over to use nature to help nature and this seems to be working well so far. Charloo was honored by National Geographic on Earth Day as one of the Changemakers in India, and a short film featuring him was aired by NatGeo. Currently, Coastal Impact is in advanced discussions for funding three projects with corporates under their Corporate Social Responsibility programs. Meanwhile, the corals are growing slowly yet steadily, and the team is also seeing aggregations building with more fish species inhabiting the area. Marine life is seeing a lot of threat and the regeneration of coral with Micro Fragmentation is a great way to help this immensely valuable building block of our planet.

THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY

PHOTO © catchalure.com/blogs/news/cmon-bro-dont-leave- me-hanging

DEBRA MUCCI is forever on the lookout for wild animals who may need help, especially in her neighborhood.  Unfortunately, it doesn’t take long for her to find them.  Debra doesn’t mince words when she enlists the support of those who can help achieve permanent change. Her letter was emailed to: County Executive, Aileen Gunther, NY Assembly Member; Congressman Patrick Ryan, parks@orangecountygov.com Sean Patrick Maloney; the DEC; and Bridget Fahey of the Fish and Wildlife Service.

The subject line read:

Fishing Line in Thomas Bull Memorial Park Killing Wildlife

Debra wrote:

Good Afternoon

I am writing because I just took a robin off of a bush that was caught up in fishing line. Its leg was broken so badly that the foot was twisted in the opposite direction and the line cut clear to the bone. The robin must have been there for some time as he was gasping for air and appeared exhausted. The bird was finally cut loose and took off. Unfortunately it will die.

While I was there I also noticed fishing lines hanging from a tree near the lake! It is obvious to me that people have no idea what they are doing but are allowed to fish anyway.

You may not have noticed, but there are fewer birds than normal this year, and now one robin and perhaps her clutch of eggs–are dead due to ignorance and a total disrespect for wildlife. 

I feel that nothing is being done to check the lakeshores for fishing line. Last year, my dog and I were walking along the lake and she got caught up in fishing line! Thank God that turned out okay or you would have a lawsuit on your hands!

I spoke to several park employees, as well as the person in charge at Thomas Bull Memorial Park, but came away with the knowledge that no one cares! 

As a tax payer and someone that cares about our wildlife, I would like to have park employees scan the lake area for animals caught up in fishing line on a daily basis as they have to empty the trash cans in that area anyway. This is not the first time I have come across this situation.

I am asking for you to intervene and do something about this situation. There is no reason for animals to die unnecessarily.

By the way, is anyone checking for fishing licenses?

Sincerely,

Debra Mucci 

To see how to remove fishing line or monofilament, visit:

catchalure.com/blogs/news/cmon-bro-dont-leave-me-hanging

One’s Too Few— How About Adopting Two!

By Anne Muller

Photo Credit: Anne Muller

Not only will you doubly be helping animals who need homes, but you’ll be providing quality of life for the guys you adopt!

My Mom used to say, “How would you feel?” and I’ve lived my life always asking that question.  Early on, I realized that as much as I love animals, I’d hate to be the only human animal among other species– forever.  A stuffed toy of a human wouldn’t satisfy me for more than 5 minutes.

With my Mom’s question in mind, I always had at least two of a species.  It allowed me to be guilt-free when I had to leave for the day, and it also taught me the deep bonding between animals, their interactions, and their deep grief over the loss of their companion. 

Starting in the middle of a long sequence of pairs of our precious dogs, we adopted Taco to be a friend for Suni, and when Suni passed away, we adopted Lulu (Louie) to be a companion for Taco, and when Taco passed away, we adopted Chico.  Chico and Louie loved each other in their own way.  Skipping over many of the wonderful moments they had with each other, while Louie was in her final hours Chico did not stop licking her face.  He knew she was going to die, and he stayed near her and continued to try to bring her back.  I left for a bit to let them be with each other when Chico let out a loud, prolonged  howl. I knew it was the moment of Louie’s death.  

Please double your adoptions, and by providing your companion a friend of his or her own species, it will exponentially increase the amazing joy and fascination that will be brought into your life as well.

Let’s Go Wildlife Watching – Time Well Spent

By Cynthia Hacker

PC: Wood Frog Virginia Herpetological Society

I love frogs! In the Hudson Valley, and in much of the east coast stretching from Georgia to Canada, we have “wood frogs,” whose sounds resemble that of clucking chickens! I have a few places where I love to catch this amazing chorus. In a curious location on the Crag Trail and Bonticou Road intersection of Mohonk Preserve’s Springfarm area, there lies a small body of water called a “vernal pond” that forms each spring. The wood frogs that gather there put on quite a show. The sound is almost deafening! But make too much noise yourself, and they will stop. Give it a few minutes and they will forget you are there and once again begin to sing. I have found many of these vernal pools with singing frogs on other trails in Mohonk Preserve, as well, including the Overcliff Carriage Road, where I encountered clear cold waters with a whole slew of frogs at play. 

To learn more about frogs, their habitats, and the calls they make, visit:

https://animaldiversity.org/collections/frog_calls

 

THANK YOU TO WILDLIFE RESCUERS AND REHABBERS IN SOUTH CAROLINA

Photo Credit: Lora Anant

Calls have been pouring in since the beginning of May.  But the day after Memorial Day was perhaps the busiest day we’ve had so far.  That day a call came in from Steve Howell in South Carolina.  Steve had scooped up a tiny deer in the middle of a road on a dark night.  The fawn would have been killed if he hadn’t intervened.  He took the fawn home, tried to find help and discovered our hotline number. 

We gave him several numbers of deer rehabbers in his area, and at 10 pm,  Lora Avant arrived with her husband to bring the little deer back to their center.  You can see that it was difficult for Steve to let the baby go!

Steve was so impressed with Lora that he called Wildlife Watch back to thank us for the referral.

Of all of the animals that are found, fawns are the ones that evoke the most emotion in people.  First there’s  surprise or shock upon seeing the fawn, then there’s an overwhelming need to protect the fawn, along with a desire to nurse.  While we normally suggest that people put the fawns back where they found them, there are times when circumstances make it impossible.

We’re so happy that our hotline allows us to connect the compassionate public with nearby wildlife rehabilitators.

We later contacted Lora to see how the fawn was, and ask if we could let our readers know of a wildlife rehabilitation center in her area.

She recommended Wild Things in Georgetown, SC. Lora wrote: The little buck is doing great! He is drinking about 2.5 ounces at each 4-hour feeding and has made himself at home with the two other little buck fawns. They are jumping and playing and nibbling on the grass.

Please visit their FB page here: 

https://www.facebook.com/wildlifefreedom1

And their website:

https://wildthingsfc.org/?fbclid=IwAR3MgJTnB0XuMUcMlAhVsbjWXNPMudjz50o6bvroAxtsb3_O8sV8bIPALQ

Lora sent this photo with Steve’s little buck (front) who is playing with 2 other orphaned male fawns. (Photo Credit: Lora Anant)

R.O.C.K. – Rehabbers Offer Care and Kindness

The Wildlife Watch Hotline - 877-WILDHELP receives hundreds of calls every year from across the country, and a few from Canada.  Police departments, conservation agencies, SPCAs, veterinary offices, and federal, state, and municipal offices have referred callers to Wildlife Watch for help. 

Your contribution to Wildlife Watch will help us to expand our volunteer service by allowing us to cover phones 24/7 and update our lists as new wildlife rehabilitators come on the scene.

A Year in COVID: What Nature Taught Me

By Cynthia Hacker

It’s been one year since our world changed, and many of us are reflecting on the last 12 months. March 2020 brought a threat to our shores we had never experienced. For the first time, we faced our own mortality in a very real, very scary way. I had always found peace and healing in the outdoors, but this year many of these spaces became quite crowded. I needed to go “off-the beaten path.” It was here that I found a simple, life-affirming connection and comfort with my “other neighbors.” The nonhuman kind.

Kin and Ki

Biologist and author Robin Wall Kimmerer writes in her book, Braiding Sweetgrass, that we reserve pronouns of personhood, such as, “he,” “she,” and “they” for humans, leaving a nonhuman species to be an “it.” Wall Kimmerer wanted a word for all beings—plants, animals, landscapes, even elements like rain or snow. English already had the perfect word for plurals with kin, a word most are familiar with, but not for a single nonhuman being. Searching her native Potawatomi language for inspiration, Wall Kimmerer found the simple word “ki” to describe any living being. “So that when the robin warbles on a summer morning, we can say, ‘Ki is singing up the sun,’” or “Ki’s branches sway in the pine-scented breeze,’” she wrote.

 In these quieter places, each individual plant, bird, and insect—each ki—began to feel like an old friend, and every visit was a new chance to see all my new kin together and be invited into their homes.

Spring 2020

Red-winged Blackbird - photo credit: Kieren Wood (unsplash)

In spring, life was beginning in the outdoors, while inside, we heard the sad stories of human life waning. It comforted me to see and hear all the new life of Spring in a place called “Giant’s Ledges Pocket Park,” a parcel of land that spans the northern part of the Shawangunks, connecting the iconic Bonticou Crag to the hamlet of Rosendale. One early April evening, when ki’s (Spring’s) magic was already in full bloom, I took the gradually climbing, woodsy trail, carpeted in fragrant, soft pine needles, to an inviting rocky cliff, where one can perch and look out on the valley below. I sat on the summit listening to the sounds of kin around me. The first to hit my ears was the music of the peepers in the leafy green chasm below. It is one of my favorite sounds in nature. These kin tell you that life is renewing and warm weather is coming. It’s funny, as you sit and begin to listen to the sounds of nature around you, it is as if a veil suddenly lifts, and underneath, you discover even more layers of “music.” I then recognized another familiar voice—it was the song of the Red-winged Blackbird, a friend I knew well from grassy flatlands. Ki sings a very strong, beautiful melody, easily recognized by his sharp, chirpy notes. Ki’s bold red and black colors also make him easy to spot for my not-so-sharp eyes. 

Pretty soon, the forest was alive with song. Birds have been around a long time; they are resourceful and they know how to survive. They thrive because they persist. Here, kin were singing out with the spirit of life. At this same moment, in the world of the human, kin were singing out from the streets, from porches, from windows—it was the time of the 7pm “applause” for healthcare workers. It’s no secret how separated most of us have become from the natural world, but here, I could feel the two songs mixing together. Perhaps all kin cry out in the same vein. We are so much more connected than we realize. 

Summer 2020

Summer came and brought with it more lush green growth, more achingly beautiful days, and cerulean skies with what I like to call cartoon-perfect “Simpsons” clouds. Being outside was easy, and we enjoyed a little more socializing. This time, my attention was captured by kin of the six-legged variety. It began with the arrival of the dragonflies in the late spring. On New Paltz’s River to Ridge trail, hordes of them flew overhead, with gossamer wings and zigzag movements. I stood, my mouth agape, mesmerized as they danced overhead, their flight patterns reminding me of fancy airshows. They would zip through the air at full speed in one direction, then inexplicably and seamlessly U-turn toward the opposite way. I never knew they could fly so high or so fast, and I wondered what their movements communicated to each other.

At the Peterskill area of Minnewaska, I was treated to more dragonfly action, seeing them land on streams, leaves, and even my arms in the warm summer sun. Kin were sometimes neon blue, magenta, or even green—and they stared at me with their mysterious alien eyes. It feels like a gift when a dragonfly alights near you, or decides to buzz around you. You feel like you have been visited by someone special. Having evolved over 300 million years ago, they are one of the oldest creatures on earth, and these kin have captured our fancy for a long time. Folklore is filled with their stories.   What’s most astonishing is ki’s ability to transform. A dragonfly will molt and change an average of 17 times, with most of the changes occurring during the time they spend underwater before they even take flight. Ki’s amazing flight is the direct result of the ability to change. We, too, must learn to change with grace so that we may continue to evolve and thrive.

Summer continued to wow me with insect kin of all types—the fireflies at night reminding me there is still hope even in darkness; the monarchs, with their regal saffron-oranges and striking blacks, gracing me with their late-summer visit; and the occasional spotting of the praying mantis, reminding me that it is good to get very still and sit with your thoughts. Like summer, these beauties are only here for a short time. Next year, we will get to know their children. Until then, we make peace with saying goodbye to the warm embrace of summer nights and learn that life is, indeed, ephemeral.

A neon-blue dragonfly alights on a leaf in the Peterskill area of Minnewaska State Park, New Paltz

Fall 2020

Photo credit: Boris Smokrovic - Grasshopper’s face” (unsplash.com)

Hudson Valley Fall 2020 was another masterpiece, and predictably brought throngs of tourists to view it. I was schooled by others not to get too angry—I mean, can you blame them? Who wouldn’t want to see this marvel of color? And, truthfully, it’s just another reason to feel and express gratitude for being able to live here and see it every day. So I did.

I often headed over to the Shawangunk Grasslands in Wallkill. One would think miles of flatlands and grasses would be boring, but I soon learned that was not the case. Look deeper into the grass and you will see that it is not one, but a multitude of different plants, each ki with another shade of golden, blending together in glowing harmony, lit by the sun. Here amongst the grasses, I found some very cool residents. Chittering on the dry ground, boing-boing-ing around my knees, there was Grasshopper, a new teacher and friend. Almost looking like a piece of dried grass himself, he played among my feet, bouncing along, occasionally springing into a short flight around my face, and then landing again in the grass. I found ki to be a very whimsical creature, though I knew well enough not to think the behavior was for my entertainment. Grasshoppers, I learned, are even older than dinosaurs; these kin have very strong survival skills.

Curious about my new friend, I began to read. I learned that ki has the amazing ability to catapult, jumping the equivalent of a football field. Ki is also a music-maker, creating individual rhythms through stridulation, or rubbing their hind legs and wings together. Then I found something even more interesting in an article by NPR titled, “What an Insect Can Teach Us About Adapting to Stress.” Normally solitary creatures, grasshoppers only form swarms under stressful conditions. The process of stridulation not only produces pretty music for my ears, but also produces serotonin for the grasshoppers, allowing them to feel good, and thus, more sociable. When these kin cluster together, they can share resources and survive; this “new version” of themselves can literally save them. We, too, can no longer see ourselves in the same way. Like the grasshopper, we must accept and grow, to survive.

Winter 2021

In mid-winter, ice created castle-like formations on the Upper Awosting Trail of Minnewaska State Park, New Paltz. (Photo Credit: Cynthia Hacker)

Nature continued to bless me with so many gifts that this winter felt like one continuous Christmas. Early on, I got some of my old hikes back with a much less crowded Minnewaska. Now trained to really look at things, I delighted in noticing how in the first month of winter, the previous three seasons were also present. When I fixed my gaze upon the forest floor, I saw autumn leaves, their now tan skins mingling with the dark soil underneath. Remnants of the first snowfall dusted the leaves and remained in patches on logs, branches, and tree roots, its fresh white contrasting with pillows of bright green mosses. I could even see summer buds, though now blackened by winter, down in the brambles by the stream. Rocks with glints of reddish orange peaked out along the streambeds, adding even more color to the unique collage. The air had a freshness like no other time of the year—with the rushing water, dripping snowmelt, and carpets of moss and lichens, everything felt alive. It was a wonderful time to be in the forest.

For Christmas, I received the gift of meeting my first owl at the Grasslands. One day, I found the parking lot unusually crowded. People were everywhere with big, clunky camera set ups, and most trails were closed. I was quickly informed by the photographers to be quiet, as the Short-eared Owls were wintering here. Since they are large birds, I spotted one within seconds, but coincidentally, I had just been gifted a pair of binoculars from a local swap group. I eagerly took them out and saw my first owl face up, close and personal. Perched on one of the many posts in this popular birding sanctuary, ki was both majestic and strange, with a concave face that was at once beautiful and odd. I watched ki twitch that face back and forth, eyeing the land, until taking flight once again with a grand spread of his wings.

In January, no sooner had I commented on what a nice, balmy winter it had been than Winter decided to be, well, winter. A long stretch of snowfall kept the Hudson Valley wrapped in a powdery white blanket for much of February. A self-professed non-fan of snow, I groaned. Winter was a long season to begin with, I thought, and now with COVID-19 numbers on another very scary rise, I worried how I would ever get through. But soon enough, I was seduced by the beauty of the white stuff and I did something I’d never done before: I fell in love with winter. I couldn’t get enough of it--the way the snow glistens in the sun, the way snow will let the wind create works of art on its surface. Walking in the woods on a snowy day was like entering another world, a hidden treasure. In a way, winter is the most personal of all the seasons. The quiet is so close, it feels like a friend, a sort of ki of its own.

On what we knew would probably be the last big snowfall of 2021, my partner and I ventured into the woods as the flakes fell, and played in the Narnia-like magic that is winter. I purposely went off the trail, submerging myself in the glitter I knew wouldn’t be here that much longer. I even made a snow angel and lay on my back, studying the treetops. I couldn’t believe it. I would miss winter. Ki had taught me to allow more stillness, to get between the spaces of my thoughts. To be present, and experience a deeper knowing.

Short-eared owl (Photo credit: Vincent van Zalinge (unsplash.com)

One Year 2020-2021

How will we emerge from this experience? I would like to think I learned a little bit more about just how precious life really is—and that there are a lot of things I thought were important that really aren’t. My friends in nature, my kin, were my best teachers. Who were some of yours?

Please let us know the answer by sending your personal wildlife communion experience to Wildlife Watch at wildwatch@verizon.net – We would love to see it, and may publish it!  We also welcome your photos and their back stories.

Cynthia Hacker lives in New Paltz, NY.  She spends her free time exploring the many wild places that grace the area. She is a lover of nature and a nature writer. 

This article is also published in www.honeyguidemag.com

Demystifying Bats

By Bindu Gopal Rao

 *All Photos Courtesy of Avian and  Reptile Rehabilitation Center – ARRC

Even as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, the rumor that the coronavirus in people was caused by bats is just a myth, like many other false accusations that cause the only flying mammal to be feared rather than appreciated.         

Bats are nocturnal mammals who are unfortunately very misunderstood. ‘Blind as a bat’ is probably the most abused phrase. Did you know that bats are not blind? Well if you did not, it’s time to take a reality check.  Bats do not fly into your hair or eyes nor get stuck to you. Bats have extremely good vision and can fly as close to your nose tip and go back without touching you.

Dr Bandana Aul Arora, a mammalogist and conservationist who has decades of work experience with the Nicobar flying fox and other threatened species in the ecosystem of the Nicobar group of islands, India, is dispelling many of these myths.  He says, “Bats like other mammals give birth to young ones or pups and are very protective mothers; fruit-eating bats carry their babies till they are independent. They are extremely handsome, have beautiful ears and very charismatic nose leaves.” Research is taking place now to understand how they locate their prey.  To find prey and their roosts, the method is called echolocation and is mostly seen in insect-eating bats. A bat can eat three times his or her weight each day, so they clearly have no appetite problem!

Rohit Chakravarty, a Ph.D. student at Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany, explains, “Bats perform two main functions that benefit humans and the ecosystem. Fruit-eating and nectar-drinking bats are pollinators of many tropical trees. Three examples of such important trees in the Indian context are some species of mangroves, wild bananas and the mahua tree. This tree has important medicinal properties. 

Insect-eating bats eat tons of insects that are pests in rice, corn and cotton farms. These come from studies in the US and Thailand. New studies have also shown their importance in controlling pests in vineyards in France and Chile. Once they have had their fill in the night, they poop in heaps in caves which make for a useful natural fertilizer. Guano mining is an industry (sometimes sustainable, but often not) mainly in Southeast Asia.”

Bats are incidentally extremely gifted and don’t have hollow bones like birds. Bats are the only mammals that are capable of a true powered flight and fly with their hands, not their arms. They live in huge colonies and like to stay in slightly dark places like caves, beneath bridges, in trees and abandoned buildings because it is cooler.  Additional facts: They cannot tolerate extremes of weather.  They give birth once a year and do not pair for life. There are about 1000 species of bats worldwide, India has about 119 species.  The size range is large: the smallest one, the bamboo bat, is only as big as your thumb, while the flying fox, a fruit eater, has a wingspan of over 5 feet!

Insectivorous bats also actively prey on mosquitoes - a known disease-carrying vector that affects humans directly.

A recent study has shown that bats serve as indicators of potential invasive insect species in Spain. Baheerathan Murugavel, a Ph.D. student at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, India, said,  “To my knowledge, the best practice to manage invasive species in any landscape is to identify them before getting invaded and keep them controlled. Based on the diet of insectivorous bats, researchers in Spain have recently identified a rice pest weevil which is an insect native to North America, with the potential to become invasive in the future. The researchers point out that bats could act as potential natural samplers that could detect (and possibly control) pest species in important growing areas of cash crops, such as the rice paddy.”

Dr. Arora has worked extensively on the Pteropus faunulus or the Nicobar flying fox which is endemic to the Nicobar Islands and has been rediscovered after 100 years.

It is distributed only in six of the islands there. Unfortunately, this solitary roosting fruit bat is locally extinct from Car island, where it was first seen. As part of her research, she has found 22 species of bats in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.  She said, “Bats do have direct threats as bats are poached for their meat that is used for medicines, as well as habitat loss. Indirect threats include frequent human entry into caves, and adverse myths that they are disease spreading and blood sucking creatures are other threats.”

And while bats are resistant to several viruses, the coronavirus is not really something that has come from bats. The Bat Conservation Trust in UK also confirms in this COVID-19 and Bats - Bats and disease - Bat Conservation Trust. “The exact wildlife to human transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 virus is not known as yet. There are two main schools of thought both with adequate support. A precursor of SARS-CoV-2 called RaTG13 (both shared a common ancestor probably 40-70 years ago) originated in a family of bats called ‘horseshoe bats’. RaTG13 by itself is not known to infect human lungs because it cannot bind to the lung epithelial cells. Some molecular studies have shown that this virus went into an intermediate host, most likely a pangolin, where it recombined to become SARS-CoV-2 which can infect human lung cells. This view was later challenged in another paper that showed evidence that the SARS-CoV-2, in fact, originated in horseshoe bats in China 40-70 years ago and has the potential to infect humans directly,” says Chakravarty.

Viruses of such zoonotic origins crossing the species-barrier and reaching humans is called a spillover event and it is not something that happens frequently or easily. “One should look closely to ponder what could trigger such spillover events in order to prevent such pandemics in the future. From COVID-19 it is almost certain that human induced events are likely to be reasons for this. Events like habitat destruction, over-exploitation of wildlife resources, unhygienic wet market systems (that make different wild animals interact) causes wild animals to get over stressed and puts them in close contact with humans.

 To summarize, “To prevent future pandemics, we need to focus on how humans caught these viruses (routes of transmission) instead of blaming the animal origins itself,” states Murugavel.

Bats are certainly misunderstood, it’s time for us to change our attitude towards this intelligent and vital mammal. 

Bindu Gopal Rao is a freelance writer and photographer based in Bengaluru.  She has a special interest in the environment.  She enjoys birdwatching and looking for local and unusual stories in any destination.  You can follow her on Instagram @bindugoplrao and view her work on www.bindugopalrao.com

Editor’s Note: This article was written prior to concerns that the novel coronavirus might have originated in a lab in Wuhan, China.  So far, its origin is unknown and the jury is still out over whether it was caused by a “spillover” event or a lab leak.

DEMYSTIFYING BATS

Bindu Gopal Rao 

All Photos Courtesy of Avian and Reptile Rehabilitation Center – ARRC

Even as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, the rumor that the coronavirus in people was caused by bats is just a myth, like many other false accusations that cause the only flying mammal to be feared rather than appreciated.

Bats are nocturnal mammals who are unfortunately very misunderstood. ‘Blind as a bat’ is probably the most abused phrase. Did you know that bats are not blind? Well if you did not, it’s time to take a reality check.  Bats do not fly into your hair or eyes nor get stuck to you. Bats have extremely good vision and can fly as close to your nose tip and go back without touching you. 

Dr Bandana Aul Arora, a mammalogist and conservationist who has decades of work experience with the Nicobar flying fox and other threatened species in the ecosystem of the Nicobar group of islands, India, is dispelling many of these myths.  He says, “Bats like other mammals give birth to young ones or pups and are very protective mothers; fruit-eating bats carry their babies till they are independent. They are extremely handsome, have beautiful ears and very charismatic nose leaves.” Research is taking place now to understand how they locate their prey.  To find prey and their roosts, the method is called echolocation and is mostly seen in insect-eating bats. A bat can eat three times his or her weight each day, so they clearly have no appetite problem!

Rohit Chakravarty, a Ph.D. student at Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany, explains, "Bats perform two main functions that benefit humans and the ecosystem. Fruit-eating and nectar-drinking bats are pollinators of many tropical trees. Three examples of such important trees in the Indian context are some species of mangroves, wild bananas and the mahua tree. This tree has important medicinal properties. 

 Insect-eating bats eat tons of insects that are pests in rice, corn and cotton farms. These come from studies in the US and Thailand. New studies have also shown their importance in controlling pests in vineyards in France and Chile. Once they have had their fill in the night, they poop in heaps in caves which make for a useful natural fertilizer. Guano mining is an industry (sometimes sustainable, but often not) mainly in Southeast Asia."

Bats are incidentally extremely gifted and don't have hollow bones like birds. Bats are the only mammals that are capable of a true powered flight and fly with their hands, not their arms. They live in huge colonies and like to stay in slightly dark places like caves, beneath bridges, in trees and abandoned buildings because it is cooler.  Additional facts: They cannot tolerate extremes of weather.  They give birth once a year and do not pair for life. There are about 1000 species of bats worldwide, India has about 119 species.  The size range is large: the smallest one, the bamboo bat, is only as big as your thumb, while the flying fox, a fruit eater, has a wingspan of over 5 feet!

Insectivorous bats also actively prey on mosquitoes - a known disease-carrying vector that affects humans directly. A recent study has shown that bats serve as indicators of potential invasive insect species in Spain. Baheerathan Murugavel, a Ph.D. student at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, India, said,  “To my knowledge, the best practice to manage invasive species in any landscape is to identify them before getting invaded and keep them controlled. Based on the diet of insectivorous bats, researchers in Spain have recently identified a rice pest weevil which is an insect native to North America, with the potential to become invasive in the future. The researchers point out that bats could act as potential natural samplers that could detect (and possibly control) pest species in important growing areas of cash crops, such as the rice paddy.”

And while bats are resistant to several viruses, the coronavirus is not really something that has come from bats. The Bat Conservation Trust in UK also confirms in this COVID-19 and Bats - Bats and disease - Bat Conservation Trust. “The exact wildlife to human transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 virus is not known as yet. There two main schools of thoughts both with adequate support. A precursor of SARS-CoV-2 called RaTG13 (both shared a common ancestor probably 40-70 years ago) originated in a family of bats called 'horseshoe bats'. RaTG13 by itself is not known to infect human lungs because it cannot bind to the lung epithelial cells. Some molecular studies have shown that this virus went into an intermediate host, most likely a pangolin, where it recombined to become SARS-CoV-2 which can infect human lung cells. This view was later challenged in another paper that showed evidence that the SARS-CoV-2, in fact, originated in horseshoe bats in China 40-70 years ago and has the potential to infect humans directly,” says Chakravarty.

Viruses of such zoonotic origins crossing the species-barrier and reaching humans is called a spillover event and it is not something that happens frequently or easily. “One should look closely to ponder what could trigger such spillover events in order to prevent such pandemics in the future. From COVID-19 it is almost certain that human induced events are likely to be reasons for this. Events like habitat destruction, over-exploitation of wildlife resources, unhygienic wet market systems (that make different wild animals interact) causes wild animals to get over stressed and puts them in close contact with humans.

To summarize, “To prevent future pandemics, we need to focus on how humans caught these viruses (routes of transmission) instead of blaming the animal origins itself,” states Murugavel.

Bats are certainly misunderstood, it’s time for us to change our attitude towards this intelligent and vital mammal.

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Bindu Gopal Rao is a freelance writer and photographer based in Bengaluru.  She has a special interest in the environment.  She enjoys birdwatching and looking for local and unusual stories in any destination.  You can follow her on Instagram @bindugoplrao and view her work on www.bindugopalrao.com .

Let’s Go Wildlife Watching GLACIER NATIONAL PARK

Photo courtesy of Robert Greenough (our desktop publisher)

Bob Greenough, is Wildlife Watch’s desktop publisher.  He and his wife are avid hikers and have travelled to beautiful places for years. When I asked his recommendation for a place to let our readers know about, he immediately said “Glacier National Park in Montana.” He said it was one of the best hiking experiences they’ve ever had.  Bob took many photos that I wish I could share with you, but the one here was the most striking.  You can see how thick a mountain goat’s winter coat is.  This  mountain goat is shedding as the weather warms up.  She must feel the way we do when we put our winter coats away in the spring. Also, you can see the adorable youngster called a “kid.”  Sound familiar? A female is called a “nanny” and a male is called a “billy.”  But to the kid, it’s mom and dad, thank you!

Not only is the wildlife awesome, but the views are breathtaking.  How’s this? But be careful!

Photo National Park Service (NPS)

GERALD THE WILD TURKEY

GERALD in a container after his capture

Gerald was described as an “aggressive turkey” (forget what people are to turkeys) who was “terrorizing a neighborhood as he “rampaged” through a park in Oakland, CA.  Finally, the park was closed to people, but folks continued to visit it anyway, especially to see Gerald! 

After 50 calls reporting Gerald’s bad behavior to the city authorities, who wanted to do the right thing for both Gerald and park visitors, there were concerning plans that verged on the unimaginable – to euthanize (kill) Gerald! They didn’t want to, but they just didn’t know about alternatives.  When that plan became known to the public, there was a huge outcry.  So, to the credit of Oakland citizens, and the City authorities who wanted to spare Gerald, they searched for a nonlethal solution to deal with Gerald’s personality defects.  They called in wildlife experts from Wildlife Emergency Services www.wildlifeservices.org .

Rebecca Dmytryk, Director of Wildlife Emergency Services, and her husband, Duane Titus, arrived on the scene with blueberries and a net gun, but then another turkey trotted over with her babies for the blueberries, thus foiling the attempt to capture Gerald. 

Finally, Rebecca lured Gerald by pretending to be injured and curling up in a ball to look small.  Emboldened by her behavior, Gerald got close enough for Rebecca to quickly wrapped her arms around him from the back in a light bear hug.  She explained that you never put pressure on the chest as it can cut off their breathing.  Gerald was then taken to his new home.

 Wildlife Watch followed up by contacting Rebecca, and, yes, we were assured that Gerald did NOT go to a place where he could be hunted!

FRIENDS OF THE FEATHERED AND FURRY WILDLIFE CENTER

Missy Runyan is an amazing wildlife rehabilitator in Greene County, NY.

Wildlife Watch called her the other day about lead’s impact on wildlife as lead is still legal in NY for hunting and fishing in spite of the fact that lead shot, bullets, and sinkers have a devastating  effect on wildlife.

Missy asked if I’d seen her latest Facebook page, and I hadn’t, but I immediately went to it. You should, too! https://www.facebook.com/fffwildlifecenter.  WOW! It’s one thing to hear about lead’s impact on raptors, including eagles, and another to see what a wildlife rehabber sees as the birds succumb to the toxicity.

The video of Clinton, the eagle, incapacitated and shaking from lead poisoning is agonizing to watch. If it’s hard for you to view, just imagine what he’s going through!

Missy has been doing her best to help his recovery, and reports with some optimism that he has crossed a threshold and now stands a shot (sorry) at getting back to normal life.  To follow his progress, please stay in touch with Friends of the Feathered and Furry Wildlife Center’s Facebook page. 

If you would like to see lead bullets, shot, and sinkers, made illegal in NYS, please let us hear from you. 

Peter Corey examining our starling

A DARLING STARLING 

Peter Corey is a wonderful wildlife rehabilitator in Ulster County, NY. 

 He is one of Wildlife Watch’s “go to” rehabilitators whenever we have calls from the SUNY New Paltz campus.  The students are so sympathetic to wildlife.  Many of our local calls come from the campus, mainly in the spring and summer when babies arrive.

In September I came across a beautiful starling who was desperately trying to get out of an EZ-pass lane that I was entering.  She clearly couldn’t take off, though she was hopping and fluttering her wings.  I stopped my car, picked her up, jumped back into my car, turned her over to my husband to gently hold till I could get her to a rehabber.  Making matters more hectic was that my dog was in the back seat, but fortunately seemed unaware of the drama (and trauma from the bird’s perspective). 

Peter Corey came to the rescue and we met for the first time.  He was the perfect person to help, for in addition to being a wildlife rehabilitator, Peter is also a vet tech.  He checked the bird and discovered that his wings were fine, but he did not have a foot!!  It certainly wasn’t congenital or he wouldn’t have survived at all.  I tried to find someone who specialized in prosthesis without success.  Peter and I wanted to give the starling a chance to see if he could compensate with his other foot, but sadly his other leg grew just weaker from trying to bear the weight.  That affected his ability to fly, and the decision had to be made to humanely euthanize.  While we agonize over the plight of one starling, we need to stay mindful of the plight of starlings in general, which you will see here.

A.M.

THE SAD OFFICIAL STATUS OF STARLINGS

Starlings are killed in large numbers by the Dept. of Agriculture through the Wildlife Services division.  They are so beautiful that it’s unfathomable.  This nightmarish division of the USDA has clearly stated the following:

“Small populations of starlings have become established in the south-east of WA. These birds are subject to continual control work … to achieve the eventual eradication of starlings from WA.”

They are killed by the thousands with poisons.

If you believe this should stop, please let us know: wildwatch@verizon.net

GREEN HERONS

Oil painting by Barry Kent MacKay.

Barry writes:

My oil painting shows an adult Green Heron (Butorides virescens) with a nestling who has left the nest a little early, as often happens with herons.

This crow-sized heron is reasonably common, but often overlooked by non-birders, and compared with other heron species, can be rather solitary, and more active at dusk or dawn or nocturnally, as a rule, than during daylight. They like wooded areas, often nesting near the ground in thick foliage, such as Eastern (Northern) White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis). They are also, in common with other herons, shape-changers, in that they can have their neck folded in close to the body, as I’ve shown in my painting, or stretch it out far enough to make up about half the body length, or have it partly folded in between.  In flight it is held folded in. 

Green Herons have achieved recognition as one of a growing list of non-human animals that can be called “tool users”. These herons have been observed and photographed carrying food to where it can be dropped into water to lure fish into striking distance. Small fish, reptiles, amphibians and large aquatic insects do make up the bulk of their natural prey, although any small animal will do. 

For a treat and more information about the Green Heron, please visit Barry’s website:  http://www.barrykentmackay.ca/

A CROW I USED TO KNOW

By Patrick Kuklinski

One of my most unforgettable jobs (as well as one of my first) was working at a farm that hosted events for kids. As an assistant manager, I handled events and safety along with many of the animal caretaking responsibilities. This meant that, on my shifts, I fed most of the animals at roughly the same time – and as I loved them all - I often brought treats. My schedule was predictable enough that the farm animals became excited around feeding time.  I started to notice that a wild bird friend had the same reaction. On the farm, there were many birds who found shelter and scraps - sparrows, swallows, hawks, cowbirds. There were also many crows. When I saw the birds dive down to pick for scraps, I’d toss them a handful of chicken scratch or some fruit. One crow learned this routine, and began to show up for scheduled feedings. At first, he was anxious and refused to come close, cawing demandingly from nearby trees. He continued to come closer, until he’d dive and swoop up food dropped at my feet. The crow began to not only know my feeding times, but demand for them to come sooner! He would appear as early as an hour beforehand, and follow me from tree to tree around the property, screeching and flapping until I eventually caved and tossed something his way. It grew to the point where I had to hide my bird-feeding habits from my employers - the crow spotted me through a window and began screaming directly outside the building for an extended period until I tossed some food out the back door in an urgent attempt to silence him. No, it wasn’t random, in my case, the crow only begged for food from me, regardless of who was around at feeding time.

This behavior was surprising, but also not unheard of - crows have demonstrated extreme animal intelligence, and are quite good at solving puzzles and problems, so simply remembering an approximate time and associating it with food was no big deal for my corvid friend.

Crows have strong memories and object association, as demonstrated by studies showing crows can remember human faces for years on end.  To read more about this delightful bird, see Nijhuis, Michelle’s “Friend or Foe? Crows Never Forget a Face, It Seems.”The New York Times, 26 Aug. 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/science/26crow.html. Also see, “New Caledonian Crows Can Make Tools from Memory.”

www.zmescience.com/ecology/animals-ecology/crows-make-tool-memory-432/.

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Patrick Kuklinski is a published nature writer and bird fanatic currently residing in New Hampshire while he works towards a Bachelor’s in Zoology.

THE WESTERN LARCH: A DECIDUOUS CONIFER

TEXT AND WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHY ©JIM ROBERTSON

Anyone growing up in Washington would surely have heard it referred to by its nickname, “The Evergreen State.” But not all of the conifers coating the forested mountainsides are “ever” green. A few species of coniferous trees actually turn a brilliant color and shed their needles each fall, only to return to their green phase in the spring and summer.

Western Larches and their alpine cousins, the tamarack, can be found in extreme northern Washington, across Idaho and Montana to the Rockies and up into British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. Some are even found in suitable (usually cold and shady) habitats in the Arctic.

The larch forest zone is home to some distinctive animal species, including snowshoe hare, lynx, timber wolf and woodland caribou; gray jay, mountain chickadee and the Clark's nutcracker (pictured here), all of whom thrive in some of the harshest climates the planet has to offer.

During the winter, after larches have lost their orange needles, they may appear to be standing dead snags. But each spring these unique conifers again sprout new, light green needles, which turn a darker shade of green as the days grow longer and their short growing season begins again in earnest.

PHOTO ©JIM ROBERTSON

VETERINARY CARE FOR A MOST MAJESTIC ANIMAL

By Lily Lavender Wolf

Courtesy of Dr. Kushal Konwar Sarma

Dr. Sarma wrote: A kiss to darling Vishnupriya

On behalf of Wildlife Watch, I was privileged to conduct an e-mail interview with the famous and beloved doctor, Dr. Kushal Konwar Sarma.   Here’s what I learned:

The language of elephants.  It is an intuitive one, relying on a sort of sixth sense and empathy. Animals are largely emotional, hiding nothing, and anthropomorphic feelings are often rightfully attributed to the beautiful beings. They all have specific personalities, as we know humans do, and it shows that you do not need to be of a singular species to relate to your fellow person. After all, with their own personas, I believe that animals are people, too.

Dr. Kushal Konwar Sarma is the beloved doctor who has presided over the healing of thousands of elephants in India’s wildlife community. He bonds with each elephant as a dear friend, reportedly beginning with Laxmi, an elephant his family cared for since the start of his life. BBC Hindi’s Dilip Kumar Sharma writes in an article that at age seven, Dr. Sarma would ride Laxmi around his home village. 

When I asked Dr. Sarma if Laxmi was the inspiration behind his lifelong care for elephants, he responded, “Laxmi was deeply imprinted in a hidden chamber of my mind, but subconsciously. This took me about 20 years to realize, when I could see a vivid image of my beloved friend in each elephant that I handled as a doctor.” As Sharma writes, “This love and bond with elephants has cemented his career as the go-to doctor in the state.”

Just how deep does Dr. Sarma’s appreciation of these mighty beings go? Having spent not just his career as a veterinarian, but his life growing up in the village Barma in India’s northeastern state of Assam, his connection to elephants runs strong. Of elephants, Dr. Sarma writes, “Most of them are majestic, friendly, benevolent and tolerant.  People will do good to know that this iconic species has lots of similarities and bonding with humans. [They] can communicate with lots of infrasonic or sonic signals, [they] like songs, rhythms, and also like to dance and can appreciate paintings.” He speaks of elephants indulging in the arts and joys of life as much as we as humans do.

When it comes to the healing work he does as a doctor, I asked what specifically he’s called to do, and he mentioned a wide range of tasks from trimming tusks, sewing up lacerated wounds, giving injections, keeping the elephants calm from the pain of these shots, and recommending medications when appropriate. He said, “I organize preemptive health camps in forest departmental elephant camps; there are elephants numbering 30-60 in each of five parks in Assam, and many places across the country, primarily engaged in anti-poaching patrols. I touch and talk to them, offer some sweet treats. They recognize me as a friend.”

Dr. Sarma with Bijili Prasad, the oldest living elephant at 86

I also asked what the greatest threats to elephants might be. While the BBC article details monsoon season and the flooding that threatens the lives of elephants, I assumed that hunting and poaching would be among the top threats,  but Dr. Sarma said, “The uncontrolled human population growth is the main threat to the existence of elephants, in Asia in general and India in particular. Hunting is a threat, but not the greatest threat in this part of the country. Albeit, some elephants are hunted by the tribesmen for bush meat; tuskers are still hunted for ivory. Fortunately, larger number of the bulls in this region are makhanas (tusk-less bulls), and thus do not interest the ivory hunters.”

He reports that Indian Wildlife Protection Acts are good, but need to continue to ensure the security of elephants’ natural habitats and keep humans from encroaching upon their territory as population growth rapidly rises: “The growing human population needs space and tries to push itself into the protected areas, depriving the wild animals from their legitimate habitat.” According to www.worldometers.info, India is second in the world in terms of population by country, currently accounting for 17.7% of the world’s population.  [Please visit that amazing website.]

So, with the heightened human population threatening the lives of elephants, what is there for us to do in order to help them? I was happy to hear that poaching is less of an issue than it used to be, or than I had originally assumed. Clearly, humans need to stop expanding into these natural areas and leave them to the wonderful wildlife that inhabit them.

When I asked if Dr. Sarma passes his immense knowledge onto other doctors, he responded, “I will die most unhappy if I have to carry all my knowledge, skills, and wisdom on elephantology to my grave.  I have been training vets and most of the present-day elephant vets of India are either trained by me or must have consulted me on some issues on elephants.” He keeps his phone on 24/7 in order to cater to the questions others may have about rehabilitation or to visit elephants in need on-site.

Dr. Sarma with Bijili Prasad, the oldest living elephant at 86

Dr. Sarma’s daughter, Nina, has also completed a degree in veterinary science and assists him with his work. He is excited to see her enter his own line of work and save even more elephants.

My personal joy in being able to interview the good doctor was due to my own love for elephants. As a child, I read National Geographic books about how elephants experience emotions usually only attributed to humans, and I’ve wanted to learn more and even someday meet elephants.  When I told that to Dr. Sarma, he wrote:  “[Elephants] are very emotional creatures; you can see vivid expressions of joy when siblings meet after a long time, they bellow loudly for up to an hour ignoring everything else; elephant squeaks, trumpets, low or high rumbles, and so many other kind of vocalizations to express different emotions.”

I also asked if a claim were true that elephants could experience grief and desire. “I have seen silent condolences over a dead relative, I see them sniffing and kissing friends and relatives. [They have] reactions over sexual advances, physical expressions of dominance and subordinations; very interesting indeed.” Dr. Sarma’s words have only further enhanced my admiration and desire to spend time with elephants.

So, thank you, Dr. Sarma, for the gallant and important work you do for one of the most beautiful and stately creatures of the florid animal kingdom. I am grateful to you for our interview, and your work is uplifting and inspiring to all. And, without even a second guess, I am certain every elephant Dr. Sarma has touched is grateful as well.

If you would like to read Dilip Kumar Sharma’s article, “The Indian Doctor Taking Care of Thousands of Elephants,” on BBC Hindi, the link is

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54610762 .

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Lily Lavender Wolf is a writer and avid lover of nature and animals. She hails from Manhattan but has lived upstate New York in the beautiful Hudson Valley, where she spends time in the mountains.  She studies Environmental Psychology at the State University in New York (SUNY), New Paltz campus.

Courtesy of Dr. Kushal Konwar Sarma

SAVING THE PYGMY HOG WHO FITS IN YOUR HAND!

By Bindu Gopal Rao

Photo is courtesy of Aaryanak

Did you know that there is a breed of pig that can fit in your palm? Well, as strange as that sounds, there is a species that is a mere 10-inches tall and this is the Pygmy Hog. The tiny animal sadly is critically endangered as it is losing its habitat. However, there is a ray of hope now as Aaranyak, an environment and conservation organization has stepped in to help. Their mission is to protect the Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspots using legal and policy research for biodiversity management. Aaranyak has helped ensure that the numbers of the pygmy hog are rising. With expert environmental scientists, researchers, legal advisors, community workers and educators, Aaranyak’s primary aim is to devise a management plan for the tall, wet, sub-Himalayan grasslands that are linked to the survival of many endangered species like the pygmy hog. And they have received a grant from The Habitats Trust, an organization that has collaborated with reliable partners for the conservation of several endangered, and lesser-known species through projects across India.  

 

Trisha Ghose, Project Director, The Habitats Trust

Trisha Ghose, Project Director of The Habitats Trust says, “we have partnered with Aaranyak in Assam to conserve the Pygmy Hog by securing and recovering grassland habitats in Manas National Park, the last stronghold of this critically endangered species.” The Habitats Trust Grants have provided a platform for conservationists from remote corners of India, working in diverse landscapes and with varied species, to come together and be part of a network of like-minded people who endeavor to secure a future for our natural habitats and indigenous species.”

 

A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT

For some historical perspective and an understanding of the roles of the organization, the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust has been involved with the conservation of the pygmy hog since 1971.  It’s this organization that initiated the partnership program in 1995 to save the pygmy hog and its sub-Himalayan grassland habitat. Aaranyak joined the partnership in the beginning of 2018 and is involved in the activity of the Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme (PHCP) through the Threatened Species Recovery Program of the organization. Conservation breeding of pygmy hogs is a key activity of PHCP.  Some governmental entities involved are the Forest Department, Government of Assam and the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change,  and the government of India.

BOOSTING NUMBERS of pygmy hogs

The conservation work has ensured that the numbers of the pygmy hog are seeing an upward trajectory. From 1996 to 2019, 165 litters with 644 babies have been born and about 418 (65%) of them have survived beyond the age of three months. These hogs are taught to survive independently at a pre-release facility. The released hogs are then monitored using field signs (nests, forage marks, footprints and droppings), and camera traps and radio-telemetry.  A camera trap study at RG Orang NP and sign survey revealed that reintroducing the population has helped in breeding and expanding the population of the pygmy hogs. Surveys are being carried out to identify and restore other protected grasslands in the sub-Himalayan region for reintroduction,” says Dr. Parag Deka, Project Director, PHCP, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. PHCP also conducts grassland research to find out how best to manage these habitats, as well as working with local communities and frontline protection staff for the proper conservation of threatened grasslands, the home of the pygmy hogs.

Food brought by villagers to the sanctuary.

COVID-19 CHANGES PLANS

From mid-February to mid-April, the team usually conducts the seasonal field sign survey of the pygmy hog. This year they have conducted the sign survey in 70% area of pygmy hog habitat in Manas and abandoned the survey in the rest of the area due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  Dr. Deka reports, At the beginning of the lockdown, the Chief Wildlife Warden of Assam declared our work related to captive animals as an essential service. This helps us with the movement of our vets in both the sites. Usually our animal keepers live inside the campus so captive management of hogs has not been affected in both the sites. However, we have not been able to buy raw food for Basistha Centre as all fruit and vegetable markets are closed in Guwahati. So, we contacted the Guwahati Zoo, and they sent food for our hogs through their feed suppliers. We had enough stores for our dry food. The local grocery shop who usually supplies dry food for the hogs, himself drove to our center and dropped food for us. In fact, this helped the villagers as well, as the local markets that they sold their produce (pineapples, coconut, sweet potato, sugarcane, banana, tapioca) were closed. We would pay cash immediately on receiving the produce.

 

ANOTHER TERRIFYING THREAT

On a sad and frightening note, the outbreak of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Assam from the latter part of April — that has no treatment or vaccine — is a new challenge, and the team has upgraded their biosecurity to level 3 (the maximum possible level).  Nevertheless, the work being done by Aaranyak is certainly worthwhile even as the world battles the raging pandemic. 

Ensuring biodiversity by enabling the survival of little known (and often uncared about) species is what will aid in reclaiming a healthy future for all.

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Bindu Gopal Rao is a freelance writer and photographer based in Bengaluru. She has a special interest in the environment.  She likes bird watching and looking for local and unusual angles in any destination. You can follow her on Instagram @bindugopalrao and see her work on www.bindugopalrao.com

IN LOVING MEMORY OF BEE (9/2003 – 4/28/2020)

A WARNING TO PEOPLE WHO GO TO 

VETERINARIANS DURING THE PANDEMIC

By Anne Muller, Editor of the Wildlife Watch Binocular

If you’ve taken your companion animal to a veterinarian during the pandemic, you know that veterinarians are not allowing their human family inside. That can, and in my case has resulted in being given instructions loosely in the parking lot that, if not clearly understood, or if not given at all, can result in injury or death of your beloved companion

When there is no in-person contact with patients’ families, new protocols need to be implemented.  When giving a product as potent as insulin to a family member to administer, the first step is to demonstrate with a diagram, zoom, or in person, just how to measure a unit on the syringe they’ll be using.

What should have been the beginning of a new medical program for Bee turned into a nightmare for which I will never forgive myself or the veterinary office.

I understand that veterinary visits are being done in an unprecedented way, and that the protocols have not yet been worked out, but I implore everyone, vets, staff, and human companions of patients to be crystal clear about dosages and techniques for helping their companion animals.  Veterinary offices should not assume anything.  They need to give clear instructions using detailed diagrams or photos, even in the parking lot.

My boy didn’t deserve to die, I didn’t deserve to have not been shown the correct dosage and to live forever with the guild of having killed my boy with an insulin overdose. I was the person he trusted most in the world.    Compounding the tragedy, BeeBee misses his brother terribly and has been grieving for him, as have I.

I can only pray that this helps someone else. The veterinarian said they will be changing their procedures based on what happened.